Copyright 2009 American Institute of Physics. The dimensions of the nanowire are L = 600 nm and a = 25 nm the external force is fy = 80 nN (bottom panel). The growth direction of the nanowire is the c-axis. ( a) Crystalline model of the wurtzite-structured ZnO (upper panel) numerical simulation of the piezoelectric potential distribution in a ZnO nanowire under axial strain. Finally, we summarize the findings and propose challenges and prospects for further study of piezoelectric materials in high-temperature applications.įundamentals of the piezoelectric effect. Section 6 offers insights for the designation of high-temperature piezoelectric materials. ![]() Furthermore, how the above materials meet the limiting factors in Section 4 is elucidated. Section 5 reviews the main classes of high-temperature materials. Three aspects-the Curie temperature, conductivity and chemical stability-and the dielectric properties regarding the performance and application of piezoelectric materials at high temperatures are comprehensively analyzed. Section 4 outlines what the limiting factors are in using piezoelectricity at high temperatures. Section 3 simply introduces the mechanism of piezoelectricity at high temperatures. Section 2 illustrates the basic knowledge on the piezotronic and piezophototronic effects. In this manuscript, we briefly offer elementary knowledge on the piezotronic and piezophototronic effects and introduce piezoelectrics for high-temperature applications ( Section 3, Section 4, Section 5, Section 6 and Section 7) in detail. The piezoelectric materials for elevated application involved: Aurivillius compounds with a layer structure (e.g., Bi 4Ti 3O 12 and related materials), the perovskite BiFeO 3, quartz and compounds related to the quartz structure, nonferroelectrics, rare-earth oxyborates and nanocomposites. However, there are yet only rare reports on high-temperature piezoelectric materials. Therefore, it is imperative to explore high-temperature piezoelectric materials to fulfill the aforementioned requirements for their application. Besides, some piezoelectric materials in sensors or actuators unavoidably work in elevated-temperature environments (e.g., energy harvestings, the aviation, aerospace and automobile industries and geological explorations). īoosting the output of piezoelectricity, improving the sensitivity of piezoelectric-based sensors and extending its utilization scope are the long-term goals worth pursuing for researchers studying piezoelectronics academically and practically. ![]() Piezoelectric materials can serve as crucial units for energy-harvesting equipment or as active parts of sensors, and so on. The piezoelectric effect is that, upon an external load being posed on an object, electrical potential generates on its surface. ![]() Ever since the discovery of the piezoelectric phenomenon in 1912, piezoelectronics have been generally established and attracted increasingly extensive attention.
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